Argue against some specific instance of a general (common) vice or moral fault (drinking, gambling, greed, adultery, cowardice, etc.) or condemn a type of person (not a specific person) exhibiting that vice, beginning with the following steps (as is elaborated in the example on page 149-150 of your handout):
- Introduce the evil deed--tell what it encompasses, including an undisputed general statement with which most rational people would agree (Ex: "Because laws and courts of justice are part of our democratic system, the person who breaks those laws must pay the penalty" or "The deed of murder is so terrible that it is impossible to feel pity for murderers or to show leniency toward them.")
- Contrast it with a virtue. (Ex: "Our ancestors planned a system of government free of domination from an autocratic ruler...")
- Give an exposition of an instance of the vice/moral fault--describe it in a dramatic fashion: what happened? what followed? etc.
- Compare this vice/fault with one that's worse (to suggest that it's damn near that bad).
- Show that the act demonstrating the vice/moral fault was done intentionally.
- Reproach the wrongdoer’s past life.
- Demand that no pity be shown for this instance of this vice/moral fault.
- Argue that it would be legal, just, expedient, honorable/practical to impose punishment--each in a separate paragraph.
Label each element as in the example on p. 149-150. The example on page 147-149 follows the same steps but categorizes them differently. Take a look at both examples before you begin.
Physical Violence
Introduction:
Physical violence is a reprehensible, barbaric act that has no place in modern society. It’s not only a physical attack on a victim, but an attack on the progression of society as well. Physical violence is the breakdown of intelligent communication.
Contrast:
We as Homo sapiens are fortunate enough to have a unique capacity to speak to one another through spoken language as well as body language. Given our high capacity for language, it would make even a chimpanzee blush to see such senseless acts of violence that occur within our alleged sophisticated society.
Exposition:
When violence does occur, it is rarely a one-time thing. Often physical violence not only spawns more violence, but engenders a violent lifestyle as evidenced by violent criminals repeating offenses and children of violent parents displaying violent behavior.
Comparison:
Although it often does not end a life like murder, it can be worse because violence can generate more violence on the part of the assailant as well as on the victim’s behalf in the form of retribution or retaliation.
Intentionality:
Physical violence is often seen as a quick reaction or response to a situation. But true violence is not self-defense, but a deliberate act of malice that is only reactionary when one is numb to its effect. If you think about it, it takes a violent mentality to view punching someone in the face as a natural reaction.
Reproach:
This type of acceptance and adoption of a mentality accepting of physical violence as a solution shows an acceptance of failure in communication that was taught to this person while they were young. This type of learning has a tragic past, one that is laced with torture, execution, and endless wars.
Pity:
These people should be shown no pity for their crimes because there comes an age when you can no longer blame your upbringing for the life you live, but you must accept responsibility for the actions you take and the repercussions that your choice brings about.
Legality:
It is legal to punish such crimes as far back as any type of constitution or law has existed. Whether it be the ten commandments or the golden rule, law has historically supported the punishment of physical violence.
Justice:
It’s just to punish this type of act because if it was to go unpunished, we would be living in a ‘strongest survive’ type of world, lacking any type of structure or sophistication that might differentiate us from a group of silverbacks.
Expediency:
It’s expedient to forbid and punish this type of behavior based on its contagiousness. If it is dealt with quickly and firmly, then it will ideally nip the problem in the bud, thus foregoing many of its lasting effects on others.
Honorable/Practical:
Generations past and present agree that violence, especially unfounded violence is at least a blemish on the face of their society and when it goes unpunished, it can be the scourge that leads to the downfall of a society. So it is not only a moral duty to avoid and punish this type of act, but also a practical duty in order to preserve the livelihood of a society.