Annotations:

[1] Ramiro, like Jude is an orphan and lives in a bakery with his spinster aunt. Another parallel is the fact that both characters worked for a farmer as children.

[2]Thomas Hardy, Jude the Obscure (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 106

[3] The workers are similar to the men Jude encounters in the bar in Christminster. They are more experienced than both Ramiro and Jude and try to teach them the ways of the world.

[4] The schoolteacher is meant to be like Mr. Phillotson, the person who inspired Jude to pursue an education from Christminster.

[5] Like Mr. Phillotson, the schoolteacher has dreams of escaping his designated place in society. He is an idealist.

[6] Like Jude, Ramiro learns of many subjects denied to others of his social class. Jude learned Latin and Greek to prepare himself to realize his dream of studying at Christminster much like Ramiro is learning about revolutionary philosophies to prepare him to realize his dreams.

[7] Ramiro is eleven at the time of Julio’s departure as was Jude when Mr. Phillotson left Marygreen.  

[8] Hardy, Jude the Obscure, 4

[9] Hardy, Jude the Obscure, 4

[10] As Phillotson’s departure for Christminster inspires Jude to pursue an education at Christminster, Julio’s leaving causes Ramiro to aspire to a university education in order to realize his dream of helping Latin America.

[11] Hardy, Jude the Obscure, 3

[12] Hardy, Jude the Obscure, 5

[13] Hardy, Jude the Obscure, 8

[14] This professor also takes on Phillotson’s role as the mentor who fuels Jude’s dreams.

[15] Jude’s dream was to study at Christminster because in his era this was prohibited to the lower class. In reflection of the predicament of modern times, the loss of idealism, U.T. is the means for realizing Ramiro’s dream of a free Latin America. In the end both characters abandon their ideals.

[16] The comparison between Ramiro’s quest and the job of a mason is meant to link Ramiro to Jude, the idealistic character he is based on.

[17] Hardy, Jude the Obscure, 74

[18] This episode is similar to Jude’s first nighttime tour around Christminster where he was haunted by the ghosts’ of past scholars.

[19] Hardy, Jude the Obscure, 73

[20] Hardy, Jude the Obscure, 73